Perchloric Acid

  • Chemical Name: Perchloric Acid
  • Synonyms: Perchloric acid, perchloric acid solution
  • Molecular Formula: HClO₄
  • Molecular Weight: 100.46
  • CAS Number: 7601-90-3
  • EINECS Number: 231-512-4

Physical Properties

  • Appearance: Colorless, fuming liquid
  • Odor: Odorless
  • Melting Point: -18°C (for the azeotrope); -112°C (anhydrous)
  • Boiling Point: 203°C (for the azeotrope)
  • Density: 1.664 g/mL (at 25°C)
  • Solubility: Soluble in water
  • Vapor Pressure: 6.8 mm Hg (at 25°C)
  • Refractive Index: 1.419

Chemical Properties

  • Strong Oxidizing Agent: Perchloric acid is a powerful oxidizer and can react violently with reducing agents, potentially causing explosions.
  • Strong Acidity: It is one of the strongest inorganic oxyacids and can react with most metals to form perchlorates.
  • Decomposition: Anhydrous perchloric acid can decompose at high temperatures or in the presence of reducing agents, releasing chlorine and oxygen gases, which can be explosive.
  • Stability: Relatively stable at room temperature but should be kept away from organic materials and reducing agents.

Preparation Methods

  1. Electrolysis: Electrolyzing sodium chlorate (NaClO₃) to produce perchloric acid.
  2. Double Decomposition: Reacting sodium perchlorate with concentrated sulfuric acid to generate perchloric acid.

Uses

  • Laboratory Reagent: Used in analytical chemistry for acid digestion and titration.
  • Industrial Applications: Used in the production of perchlorate salts, explosives, and rocket propellants.
  • Electroplating: Used in electroplating processes for metals like gold and silver.

Safety Considerations

  • Handling: Should be handled with extreme caution due to its strong oxidizing and corrosive properties.
  • Storage: Store in a cool, well-ventilated area, away from organic materials and reducing agents.
  • Emergency Measures: In case of spills, neutralize with a suitable base and clean up according to safety protocols.

Health and Environmental Hazards

  • Toxicity: Highly corrosive and can cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Inhalation of vapors can cause respiratory irritation.
  • Environmental Impact: Can be harmful to aquatic life and should be disposed of properly to avoid environmental contamination.

Packing and shipping